Exposure of Apis mellifera (Hymenoptera: Apidae) colonies to imidacloprid impairs larval development, promotes oxidative stress in pupae, and induces changes in the midgut of adult bees

Table 1 Bartlett test results for homecedasticity of variances

Variables	Bartlett test* P-values (\(X^{2}\): Bartlett’s test statistic, df: degrees of freedom)
Variables	Pupae	Larvae
Nitrite content	0.56 \({(\chi }^{2}=1.14, \text{df}=2)\)	0.85 \({(\chi }^{2}=0.31, \text{df}=2)\)
SOD	0.61 \({(\chi }^{2}=0.98, \text{df}=2)\)	0.64 \({(\chi }^{2}=0.87, \text{df}=2)\)
GSH	0.73 \({(\chi }^{2}=0.62, \text{df}=2)\)	0.38 \({(\chi }^{2}=1.89, \text{df}=2)\)
nmol of Carbonyl	0.98 \({(\chi }^{2}=0.03, \text{df}=2)\)	0.55 \({(\chi }^{2}=1.17, \text{df}=2)\)
CAT	0.80 \({(\chi }^{2}=0.43, \text{df}=2)\)	0.05 \({(\chi }^{2}=5.90, \text{df}=2)\)
DPPH	0.63 \({(\chi }^{2}=0.91, \text{df}=2)\)	0.44 \({(\chi }^{2}=1.63, \text{df}=2)\)

^*H₀: All k population variances are equal, i.e., the null hypothesis is rejected if (p- value < 0.05)

ISSN: 0717-6287