Advances in genomic tools for plant breeding: harnessing DNA molecular markers, genomic selection, and genome editing

Table 1 Salient features of major molecular marker

Characteristics	RFLP	RAPD	AFLP	SSR	SNP	DArT
Genome abundance	High	Very High	Very High	Medium	Very High	Very High
DNA Quantity Needed (ng)	10,000	20	500–1000	50	50	50–100
DNA Quality Prerequisites	High	High	High	Low	High	High
Type of probes/primers	Genomic DNA or cDNA clones with short, single/low copy sequences	Usually, ten bp random nucleotide	Specific sequence	Specific sequence	Allele specific-PCR primers	Microarray chip
Locus specificity	Yes	No	No	Yes	Yes	Yes
Type of polymorphism	Single nucleotide changes, InDels	Single nucleotide changes, InDels	Single nucleotide changes, InDels	Variations in the length of repeats	Single nucleotide changes, InDels	Single nucleotide polymorphisms at restriction sites
Level of Polymorphism	Medium	High	High	High	High	High
Inheritance	Codominant	Dominant	dominant	Codominant	Codominant	Dominant
PCR requirement	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No
Radioactive detection	Usually yes	No	Usually yes	No	No	No
Visualization	Radioactive	Agarose gel	Agarose gel	Agarose gel	SNP-VISTA	Microarray
Reproducibility	High	Low	Intermediate	High	High	High
Cost	High	Less	High	High	Variable	Cheapest

ISSN: 0717-6287