Fig. 3

Phenotypic antibiotic resistance and taxonomy of the PSh and AFS Culturable communities. A Schematic diagram of the sample treatment, culture media and the antibiotic used prior to DNA collection. B Antibiotic resistant colonies recovered in NM and SM plated from the Culturable community. The graphs show the frequency of resistant colonies, as the ratio between the number of resistant colonies and the total number of colonies obtained in a particular medium without antibiotics. C Relative abundance graph of the Culturable and antibiotic resistant bacterial communities in the PSh and the AFS sites, at the order taxonomy level. D Beta-diversity dissimilarity dendrogram constructed with Ward clustering algorithm. The dashed box shows the samples without antibiotics clustering together. Alpha-diversity analysis comparing the antibiotic resistant ASVs from both media (NM and SM), between the PSh and the AFS sites: E Shannon index, Kruskal–Wallis test H value = 6.24, q = 0.01. F observed richness, Kruskal–Wallis test H value = 15.42 q = 0.00008